The Harvard model proposes that many of the diverse personnel and
labour relations activities can be dealt with under four human resource (HR)
categories: employee influence, human resource flow, reward systems and
work systems. These are general issues that managers must attend to regardless
of whether the organisation is unionised or not, whatever management style is
applied, and whether it is a growing or declining business.
Employee influence Employee influence is the question of how much responsibility, authority, and power is voluntarily delegated by management and to whom. One of the critical questions here is, if management share their influence, to what extent does this create compatibility (the word the authors used is ‘congruence’) of interests between management and groups of employees? The assumption the authors make is that any influence employees have should be compatible with management’s purpose and priorities.
Human resource flow
Human resource flow concerns
managing the flow of people into, through, and out of the organisation. This
means making decisions on recruitment and selection, promotion, termination of
employment, and related issues of job security, career development,
advancement, and fair treatment. Managers and personnel specialists, according
to the Harvard model, must work together to ensure that the organisation has an
appropriate flow of people to meet its strategic requirements.
Reward systems
Reward systems regulate how
employees are extrinsically and intrinsically rewarded for their work.
Extrinsic rewards are tangible pay and benefits: pay, overtime pay, bonuses,
profit sharing, pensions, holiday entitlement, health insurance; and other benefits,
such as flexible working hours. Intrinsic rewards are intangible benefits and
are said to strongly influence employees’ motivation, job satisfaction, and
organisational commitment. Intrinsic rewards are rewards from the work itself,
such as sense of purpose, achievement, challenge, involvement, self-confidence,
self-esteem, and satisfaction. The Harvard model recommends that employees
should be highly involved in the design of an organisation’s reward systems but
observes that final decisions, besides meeting employees’ needs, must be
consistent with the overall business strategy, management philosophy, and other
HRM policies.
Work systems
Work systems are the ways in
which people, information, activities, and technology are arranged, at all
levels of the organisation, so that work can be performed efficiently and
effectively.
Policies in these four areas must
be designed and applied in a coherent manner because, Beer and his co-authors
argue, HRM is considerably less likely to be effective where policies are
disjointed, made up of odd combinations of past practices, and are ad hoc
responses to outside pressures. The four policy areas must satisfy the many
stakeholders of the enterprise – for example, shareholders, employees,
customers, suppliers, communities, trade unions, trade associations, and
government. Employees are major stakeholders of the enterprise and it is the
responsibility of managers to establish systems that promote employee
influence. Some people would say that managers do not consider enough how to
facilitate employee influence: indeed, Beer et al. claim that, of the four
issues discussed, employee influence is the central feature of an HR system, as
illustrated in the triangle in Figure 2.2.
A further recommendation of the
Harvard model is that, when making HRM policy decisions, managers should
consider the ‘four Cs’: commitment, competence, congruence (compatibility), and
cost-effectiveness. That is, managers should ask to what extent the policies
they implement will: enhance the commitment of people to their work and the
organisations; attract, retain, and develop people with the needed competence;
sustain congruence (compatibility) between management and employees; and be
cost-effective in terms of wages, employee turnover, and risk of employee
dissatisfaction.
The Harvard model is ‘soft’ HRM because it concentrates attention
on outcomes for people, especially their well-being and organisational
commitment. It does not rank business performance or one of the stakeholder
interests – for example, shareholders – as being inherently superior to other
legitimate interests, such as the community or unions. Organisational
effectiveness is represented in the Harvard model as a critical long-term
consequence of HR outcomes, but alongside the equally important consequences of
individual and societal well-being. An organisation putting this model into
practice would therefore aim to ensure that its employees were involved in
their work and were able to participate in decision making. HRM policies would
be developed and implemented to meet employees’ needs for influence, but within
the limitation of having to be consistent with the overall business strategy
and management philosophy.
What is the weaknesses of this model and how applicable is it in a Municipal environment?
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